Aristotle once wrote that the "change is the actuality of possibility qua possibility" - an assertment which was more than once declared as lacking in clarity. But as far as I am concerned, this statement is perfectly clear. What Aristotle is trying to say is that the possibilty as such has its own form of actuality: and this paradoxical actuality is that of change. In other words, possibility and actuality are not two distinct ontological "spheres" - they are rather interwoven and inscribed into each other. Thus the possible is not merely lurking on the borders of the positive fullness of the actual but has its own mode of actuality, and the change is that which actualizes the possibility, makes it manifest in the actual itself. But we must be careful on this point. The actualization of possible qua possible, of possible as such, is not the same actualization as that of, for example, man's ability to run. While running, his potentiality to run is indeed actualized. But what is left aside is the actualization of this potentialiy as potentiality. And this is exactly the point Aristotle is turning our attention to: to the question of what is the specific mode of existence of the not-yet-existing and what is the Being of yet-to-be.
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The ontology of a capitalism seems like a kind of philosophical bricolage made by a rather confused mind. Basically, one can find elements of any given philosophy: in capitalism, there is the rule of Leibniz's principle of sufficient reason (the reason of the market), spinozian notion of good and bad as utilitarian categories, Deleuze's dispersion, Heidegger's elaboration of the role of technology, and so on and so forth. But there is one principle in this chaotic mixture of philosophical statements that can claim an axiomatic status. This axiom of capitalism (and its coresponding phenomenons, such as democracy) goes something like this: what is false (or nonexistent) in actuality is as such impossible. Or: what is false in empirical is false in principle.
Let me illustrate this axiom with well-known example of modern utopias and their criticisms. Today, when one tries to subvert the concept of various utopias, one doesn't have to do it on a plane of principle. The critics of kibbutz namely can only say the community ignoring the role of the kinship and the famous "maternal instinct" is as such doomed to unsuccess. In fact, what they are trying to say is that kibbutz is bad IN PRINCIPLE because it is bad EMPIRICALLY. Or, to use even more vulgar example: critics of communism say it is wrong THEORETICALLY because it "doesn't work" in PRACTICE. In capitalism, there is no longer any distinction between what holds in principle and what stands the test of time and space. What is today concidered true in principle is only that which is proven as endurable and sustainable in the empirical. To put it in Aristotle's terms: the actual has absolute ontological primacy over the potential. While Aristotle thought that only that which was once in potentia can also become in actu, today we know that inversely only that which is actual can be posited also as possible.
Sunday, February 12, 2006
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4 comments:
Najprej naj bo opravičilo, ampak se mi res ne da v angleščino prevajat. Ok, sedaj pa k bistvu.
Ali se ti ne zdi, da ta intološka postavka vzdrži samo na zunaj pri, recimo, dveh radikalnih
sistemih, ki nista zmožna koeksistence (torej: ali imaš samo kapitalizem ali pa imaš samo
komunizem, saj sta ta dva sistema tako zastavljena, da drug drugega izključujeta), kar sproži
"naravno" reakcijo oz. obrambni mehanizem enega nasproti drugemu, s tem da ima kapitalizem (v tem
primeru) adut v rokah (češ, poglejte, so probal -> ne dela). Drugače: kapitalist ne bo mogel
nikoli sprejeti komunizma, saj bi s tem propadel, zatorej se bo poslužil vsakega argumenta, da bi
to v kali preprečil (že samo misel na). Del zgodovine pa je tudi tako zapisan , da gre v tem
primeru na roko. Komunizem ogrozi kapitalizem v svojem bistvu, ogrozi obstoj.
A druga stvar je ravno glede dogajanja znotraj kapitalizma. Res je, da "šteje" (v sobi sam
denarčke štejem :) samo udejanjeno, a udejanjeno izvira ravno iz vedno novih idej, kar nam
kapitalizem vedno znova vsiljuje (posredno ali neposredno), kar je bilo še najbolj očitno za USA
oz. za ameriški sen: "Everything is POSSIBLE!" -> samo narediti je treba.
No, nekaj takega. Se bojim, da nisem bil najbolj jasen. :(
Lp, Stalker
Se opravičujem za dolgotrajno čakanje na odgovor, ampak ves čas sem imel vklopljeno funkcijo "moderate comments", kar je preprečilo neposredno objavo komentarjev (hvala Luki Lisjaku, da me je opozoril na to).
Da obnovim svojo poanto. Po mojem pri kapitalističnemu razmerju do možđnega ne gre zgolj za ontološko, temveč za diskurzivno dimenzijo. Kapititalističen (oziroma demokratični oziroma postmoderni) diskurz omogoča par retoričnih figur, ki so iz vidika klasične ontologije nevaljavne. Oziroma, bolje rečeno, demokratični diskurz omogoča takšno retoriko, ki spodbija nekatere distinkcije, ki jih je Aristotel (ter nasploh Teorija) imel za univerzalno veljavne. Ena izmed teh distinkcij je ta med možnim in aktualnim, med načalenim in empiričnem. Point je v tem, da če je Kant še lahko pisal o reku, "da kar velja v teoriji, ne velja nujno v praksi", je za nas sam ta rek skorajda nesmiselen. Vrednost teorije se danes namreč meri prav po možnosti vstopa teorije v prakso. Recimo, če spet vzamem primer kritikov utopistike: trdijo, da je utopija KOT TAKA zgrešena, ker ne more nikdar delovati "v praksi". Povedano drugače, principielno ne sme imeti druge vsebine kot tiste, ki se lahko pojavlja. Utopija ne more imeti sebi lastnega modusa bivanja, kot je v Aristotelovi ontologiji MOŽNO KOT MOŽNO imelo sebi lastno ontološko utemeljenost. Tvoja trditev, da kapitalistična inovacija prav tako temelji na nekem možnem (ko praviš, da udejanjeno izvira iz nekih idej) ni identična Aristotelovi tezi o razmerju med možnim in dejanskim. V kapitalizmu namreč "Ideje" nimajo drugega obstoja kot njihove udejanitve. Ideje kot ideje so ontološko nične. Obstajajo le v kolikor so udejanjene. Še več, možne so le v kolikor se udejanijo. Zanimivo je tudi to, da se po istem principu ravna sodobna znanost. Sodobna znanost je namreč po svojem bistvu aplikabilna. Zunaj aplikacije (torej, zunaj dejanskosti) teorije preprosto ni. Če se lahko spet izrazim v bolj popularnih terminih, teorija obstaja le v kolikor je udejanjena v praksi. Nima pa lastnega temelja.
Ravno sem prebral Ortegove Meditacije o Don Kihotu, kjer sem naletel na zanimiv pasus, ki me je spomnil na ta post:
"Nova Cervantesova poetika ne more biti tako preprosto spletena, kakor sta bili grška in srednjeveška. Cervantes gleda svet z vrha renesanse. Renesansa je stvari bolj določila: antično občutljivost je presegla v celoti. S svojo fiziko postavi Galilej vesolju strog nadzor. Nov režim se je začel; vse deluje bolj znotraj kalupa. (...) Ne bo dolgo, ko bo Leibnitz izjavil, da je preprosta možnost izgubila svojo moč in da bo poslej možno samo še compossible, to se pravi, kar je v tesni povezavi z naravnimi zakoni. Za Aristotela in za srednji vek je možno to, kar ne vsebuje nasprotja. Compossible zahteva več. Za Aristotela je kentaver mogoč, za nas pa ne, saj ga biologija ne dopušča."
Povsem razumem, na kateri naslov je letela tvoja kritika v drugem delu; ampak si izbral slamnatega nasprotnika. Dejansko že dolgo časa vsa doba verjame, da je možno samo to, kar je empirično možno. Socializem- realno obstoječi socializem, dokler je pač realno obstajal- ni imel prav nič drugačnega diskurza: zato pa je moral na veliko lagati, da bi z lažjo prekril empirične slabosti svojega obstoja.
I am sure you have heard the song "Karma Chameleon" by Culture Club but have you ever given much thought to its meaning? While on Earth, you are living in a world of reincarnation which is governed by the law of karma. Karma begins to propel you as Soul on a personal journey through the universe. Karma ends when you have reached enlightenment and fully realise that this physical reality and the Universe itself is just an illusion. When you reach a state of knowingness that there is but One all pervading essence and that essence or consciousness is You!
So what is Karma and how does it work? While in the illusion you have a soul. This soul lives past, present, and future lives. To grow in love, joy, and awareness, you reincarnate into a series of physical bodies to experience different existences. This road leads to the experiences of being both sexes, all races, religions, and ethnic types throughout many lifetimes.
Karma in its simplicist terms can be described by the biblical statement "as you sow, so also shall you reap". Karma is the principle of cause and effect, action and reaction, total cosmic justice and personal responsibility. It brings 'good' experiences as well as 'bad' - a debt must be repaid and a blessing rewarded.
A more indepth esoteric look at karma gives us the following distinctions: Sanchita Karma: the accumulated result of all your actions from all your past lifetimes. This is your total cosmic debt. Every moment of every day either you are adding to it or you are reducing this cosmic debt. Prarabdha Karma: the portion of your "sanchita" karma being worked on in the present life. If you work down your agreed upon debt in this lifetime, then more past debts surface to be worked on. Agami Karma: the portion of actions in the present life that add to your "sanchita" karma. If you fail to work off your debt, then more debts are added to "sanchita" karma and are sent to future lives. Kriyamana Karma: daily, instant karma created in this life that is worked off immediately. These are debts that are created and worked off - ie. you do wrong, you get caught and you spend time in jail.
As a soul, you experience a constant cycle of births and deaths with a series of bodies for the purpose of experiencing this illusionary world gaining spiritual insights into your own true nature until the totality of all experiences show you Who you really are - the I AM! Until you have learned, you will find that pretending that the rules of karma do not exist or trying to escape the consequences of your actions is futile.
Although it may often "feel" like punishment, the purpose of karma is to teach not to punish. Often the way we learn is to endure the same type of suffering that we have inflicted on others and also rexperience circumstances until we learn to change our thinking and attitudes.
We are all here to learn lessons as spiritual beings in human form. These lessons are designed to help us grow into greater levels of love, joy, and awareness. They teach us our true nature of love. Where we do not choose love, show forgiveness, teach tolerance, or display compassion, karma intervenes to put us back on the path of these lessons. Quite simply, the only way to achieve a state of karmic balance is to be love.
Before you incarnated into your present personality, you agreed to put yourself in the path of all that is you need to learn. Once you got here, you agreed to forget this. Karma is impersonal and has the same effect for everyone. It is completely fair in its workings and it is predictable - "do onto others as you would have them do unto you" is a way to ensure peace and tranquillity in your own life as well as the lives of those you come into contact with. The law of karma is predictable - "as you sow, so shall you reap" what is done to you is the net result of what you have done to others!
Karma gives you the opportunity at every moment to become a better person than you are and to open up to the realization that you are the master of your own fate.
The goal of karma is to give you all the experiences that you need to evolve into greater levels of love, joy, awareness, and responsibility. Karma teaches that you are totally responsible for the circumstances of your life. They keep you on the straight and narrow until you have mastered your vehicle and can ride freely on your own. Once you understand that you are the master of your own circumstances and that everything you experience is a direct result of your past actions due to your thinking and emotional responses you can overcome its seeming negative effects by creating only 'good' karma.
Karma forces us to look beyond ourselves (oneness) so that we can see ourselves as we truly are Whole, Complete, at One with everything. Once we truly understand ourselves, we can see our divinity and our unity with all life.
Karma drives us to service. Love means service. Once you accept total responsibility for your life, you see yourself as a soul in service to God. Once you do, you become a fully realized being, allowing God to experience the illusion through you.
Belief in karma and an understanding of its workings will lead you to a life of bliss. Only your own deeds can hinder you. Until the time comes when we release ourselves from our own self-imposed shackles of limitation and fully understand who and what we are we will live under the mantle of karma. So until that day why not create some wonderful experiences for ourselves by "doing onto others, as we would have them do unto us". personal development
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